2009 Clinical Issues in HIV Medicine:
Recent Advances & Challenges
edited by Kenneth H. Mayer, MD & Daniel R. Kuritzkes, MD
Table of Contents
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Introduction: HIV Care in 2009: Therapeutic Progress, but Complex Challenges Remain
Kenneth H. Mayer and Daniel R. Kuritzkes
3 When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy?
Timothy J. Wilkin and Roy M. Gulick
10 Do Benefits of Earlier Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation Outweigh Harms for Individuals at Risk for Poor Adherence?
R. Scott Braithwaite, Mark S. Roberts, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Cynthia L. Gibert, Maria C. Rodriguez-Barradas, Kimberly Nucifora, and Amy C. Justice
17 Editorial Commentary: Balancing Adherence Concerns with the Risks of HIV Disease Progression
Steven C. Johnson
19 Incomplete Peripheral CD4+ Cell Count Restoration in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Long-Term Antiretroviral Treatment
Colleen F. Kelley, Christina M. R. Kitchen, Peter W. Hunt, Benigno Rodriguez, Frederick M. Hecht, Mari Kitahata, Heide M. Crane, James Willig, Michael Mugavero, Michael Saag, Jeffrey N. Martin, and Steven G. Deeks
27 Editorial Commentary: The Paradox of Incomplete CD4+ Cell Count Restoration Despite Successful Antiretroviral Treatment and the Need to Start Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Early
Boris Julg and Bruce D. Walker
30 Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant Viral Variants in Chronically HIV-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment–Naive Patients Significantly Impact Treatment Outcomes
Birgitte B. Simen, Jan Fredrik Simons, Katherine Huppler Hullsiek, Richard M. Novak, Rodger D. MacArthur, John D. Baxter, Chunli Huang, Christine Lubeski, Gregory S. Turenchalk, Michael S. Braverman, Brian Desany, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Michael Egholm, and Michael J. Kozal for the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS
39 Editorial Commentary: Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants: Finding Significance in an Era of Abundant Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options
Robert W. Shafer
42 Rate of Comorbidities Not Related to HIV Infection or AIDS among HIV-Infected Patients, by CD4 Cell Count and HAART Use Status
Richard D. Moore, Kelly A. Gebo, Gregory M. Lucas, and Jeanne C. Keruly
45 Race and Sex Differences in Antiretroviral Therapy Use and Mortality among HIV-Infected Persons in Care
Diana C. Lemly, Bryan E. Shepherd, Todd Hulgan, Peter Rebeiro, Samuel Stinnette, Robert B. Blackwell, Sally Bebawy, Asghar Kheshti, Timothy R. Sterling, and Stephen P. Raffanti
53 Cumulative HIV Viremia during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Is a Strong Predictor of AIDS-Related Lymphoma
Alexander Zoufaly, Hans-Ju¨rgen Stellbrink, Matthias an der Heiden, Christian Kollan, Christian Hoffmann, Jan van Lunzen, Osamah Hamouda, and the ClinSurv Study Group
62 Editorial Commentary: HIV Viremia and the Development of AIDS-Related Lymphoma in Patients Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Caroline A. Sabin
65 Emergence and Persistence of CXCR4-Tropic HIV-1 in a Population of Men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
James C. Shepherd, Lisa P. Jacobson, Wei Qiao, Beth D. Jamieson, John P. Phair, Paolo Piazza, Thomas C. Quinn, and Joseph B. Margolick
74 Editorial Commentary: HIV-1 Tropism, Disease Progression, and Clinical Management
Harold Burger and Donald Hoover
77 HIV-Associated Opportunistic Infections—Going, Going, But Not Gone: The Continued Need for Prevention and Treatment Guidelines
John T. Brooks, Jonathan E. Kaplan, King K. Holmes, Constance Benson, Alice Pau, and Henry Masur
80 Exogenous Reinfection as a Cause of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Rural South Africa
Jason R. Andrews, Neel R. Gandhi, Prashini Moodley, N. Sarita Shah, Louise Bohlken, Anthony P. Moll, Manormoney Pillay, Gerald Friedland, and A. Willem Sturm on behalf of the Tugela Ferry Care and Research Collaboration
88 Editorial Commentary: Primary Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected Persons: What Does the Future Hold in Store?
C. Robert Horsburgh Jr.
90 Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research Agenda and Recommendations for Priority Research
Anthony S. Fauci and the NIAID Tuberculosis Working Group
96 Incidence, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in HIV-Infected Patients during the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Frederik Neess Engsig, Ann-Brit Eg Hansen, Lars Haukali Omland, Gitte Kronborg, Jan Gerstoft, Alex Lund Laursen, Court Pedersen, Christian Backer Mogensen, Lars Nielsen, and Niels Obel
104 Incidence and Outcome of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy over 20 Years of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Nina Khanna, Luigia Elzi, Nicolas J. Mueller, Christian Garzoni, Matthias Cavassini, Christoph A. Fux, Pietro Vernazza, Enos Bernasconi, Manuel Battegay, and Hans H. Hirsch, for the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
112 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Disease: Kaposi Sarcoma, Primary Effusion Lymphoma, and Multicentric Castleman Disease
Ryan J. Sullivan, Liron Pantanowitz, Corey Casper, Justin Stebbing, and Bruce J. Dezube
119 High-Dose Amphotericin B with Flucytosine for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in HIV-Infected Patients: A Randomized Trial
Tihana Bicanic, Robin Wood, Graeme Meintjes, Kevin Rebe, Annemarie Brouwer, Angela Loyse, Linda-Gail Bekker, Shabbar Jaffar, and Thomas Harrison
127 Editorial Commentary: Dosing Amphotericin B in Cryptococcal Meningitis
William G. Powderly
129 Kidney Disease in Patients with HIV Infection and AIDS
Jonathan Winston, Gilbert Deray, Trevor Hawkins, Lynda Szczech, Christina Wyatt, and Benjamin Young
138 A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Maraviroc in Treatment-Experienced Patients Infected with Non-R5 HIV-1
Michael Saag, James Goodrich, Gerd Fa¨tkenheuer, Bonaventura Clotet, Nathan Clumeck, John Sullivan, Mike Westby, Elna van der Ryst, and Howard Mayer, for the A4001029 Study Group
149 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: A Reappraisal
Martyn A. French
156 Male Circumcision and Risk of HIV Infection among Heterosexual African American Men Attending Baltimore Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics
Lee Warner, Khalil G. Ghanem, Daniel R. Newman, Maurizio Macaluso, Patrick S. Sullivan, and Emily J. Erbelding
163 Editorial Commentary: The Role of Male Circumcision in the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus and HIV Infection
Ronald H. Gray, Maria J. Wawer, David Serwadda, and Godfrey Kigozi
166 HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors among HIV-Infected Persons Who Are Successfully Linked to Care
Lisa R. Metsch, Margaret Pereyra, Shari Messinger, Carlos del Rio, Steffanie A. Strathdee, Pamela Anderson-Mahoney, Ellen Rudy, Gary Marks, and Lytt Gardner, for the Antiretroviral Treatment and Access Study (ARTAS) Study Group
174 Hormonal Contraception and HIV Disease Progression
Elizabeth Stringer and Erik Antonsen
181 Pregnancy and Optimal Care of HIV-Infected Patients
Brenna L. Anderson and Susan Cu-Uvin
