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2009 Clinical Issues in HIV Medicine:
Recent Advances & Challenges

edited by Kenneth H. Mayer, MD & Daniel R. Kuritzkes, MD


Table of Contents

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Introduction: HIV Care in 2009: Therapeutic Progress, but Complex Challenges Remain
Kenneth H. Mayer and Daniel R. Kuritzkes 

 

Clinical Issue in HIV Medicine - Reader Survey3  When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy?
Timothy J. Wilkin and Roy M. Gulick 

 

10  Do Benefits of Earlier Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation Outweigh Harms for Individuals at Risk for Poor Adherence?
R. Scott Braithwaite, Mark S. Roberts, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Cynthia L. Gibert, Maria C. Rodriguez-Barradas, Kimberly Nucifora, and Amy C. Justice 

 

17  Editorial Commentary: Balancing Adherence Concerns with the Risks of HIV Disease Progression
Steven C. Johnson 

 

19  Incomplete Peripheral CD4+ Cell Count Restoration in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Long-Term Antiretroviral Treatment
Colleen F. Kelley, Christina M. R. Kitchen, Peter W. Hunt, Benigno Rodriguez, Frederick M. Hecht, Mari Kitahata, Heide M. Crane, James Willig, Michael Mugavero, Michael Saag, Jeffrey N. Martin, and Steven G. Deeks 

 

27  Editorial Commentary: The Paradox of Incomplete CD4+ Cell Count Restoration Despite Successful Antiretroviral Treatment and the Need to Start Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Early
Boris Julg and Bruce D. Walker 

 

30  Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant Viral Variants in Chronically HIV-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment–Naive Patients Significantly Impact Treatment Outcomes
Birgitte B. Simen, Jan Fredrik Simons, Katherine Huppler Hullsiek, Richard M. Novak, Rodger D. MacArthur, John D. Baxter, Chunli Huang, Christine Lubeski, Gregory S. Turenchalk, Michael S. Braverman, Brian Desany, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Michael Egholm, and Michael J. Kozal for the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS 

 

39  Editorial Commentary: Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants: Finding Significance in an Era of Abundant Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options
Robert W. Shafer 

 

42  Rate of Comorbidities Not Related to HIV Infection or AIDS among HIV-Infected Patients, by CD4 Cell Count and HAART Use Status
Richard D. Moore, Kelly A. Gebo, Gregory M. Lucas, and Jeanne C. Keruly 

 

45  Race and Sex Differences in Antiretroviral Therapy Use and Mortality among HIV-Infected Persons in Care
Diana C. Lemly, Bryan E. Shepherd, Todd Hulgan, Peter Rebeiro, Samuel Stinnette, Robert B. Blackwell, Sally Bebawy, Asghar Kheshti, Timothy R. Sterling, and Stephen P. Raffanti 

 

53  Cumulative HIV Viremia during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Is a Strong Predictor of AIDS-Related Lymphoma
Alexander Zoufaly, Hans-Ju¨rgen Stellbrink, Matthias an der Heiden, Christian Kollan, Christian Hoffmann, Jan van Lunzen, Osamah Hamouda, and the ClinSurv Study Group 

 

62  Editorial Commentary: HIV Viremia and the Development of AIDS-Related Lymphoma in Patients Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Caroline A. Sabin 

 

65  Emergence and Persistence of CXCR4-Tropic HIV-1 in a Population of Men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
James C. Shepherd, Lisa P. Jacobson, Wei Qiao, Beth D. Jamieson, John P. Phair, Paolo Piazza, Thomas C. Quinn, and Joseph B. Margolick 

 

74  Editorial Commentary: HIV-1 Tropism, Disease Progression, and Clinical Management
Harold Burger and Donald Hoover 

 

77  HIV-Associated Opportunistic Infections—Going, Going, But Not Gone: The Continued Need for Prevention and Treatment Guidelines 
John T. Brooks, Jonathan E. Kaplan, King K. Holmes, Constance Benson, Alice Pau, and Henry Masur 

 

80  Exogenous Reinfection as a Cause of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Rural South Africa
Jason R. Andrews, Neel R. Gandhi, Prashini Moodley, N. Sarita Shah, Louise Bohlken, Anthony P. Moll, Manormoney Pillay, Gerald Friedland, and A. Willem Sturm on behalf of the Tugela Ferry Care and Research Collaboration 

 

88  Editorial Commentary: Primary Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected Persons: What Does the Future Hold in Store?
C. Robert Horsburgh Jr.

 

90  Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research Agenda and Recommendations for Priority Research
Anthony S. Fauci and the NIAID Tuberculosis Working Group 

 

96  Incidence, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in HIV-Infected Patients during the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Frederik Neess Engsig, Ann-Brit Eg Hansen, Lars Haukali Omland, Gitte Kronborg, Jan Gerstoft, Alex Lund Laursen, Court Pedersen, Christian Backer Mogensen, Lars Nielsen, and Niels Obel 

 

104  Incidence and Outcome of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy over 20 Years of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Nina Khanna, Luigia Elzi, Nicolas J. Mueller, Christian Garzoni, Matthias Cavassini, Christoph A. Fux, Pietro Vernazza, Enos Bernasconi, Manuel Battegay, and Hans H. Hirsch, for the Swiss HIV Cohort Study 

 

112  Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Disease: Kaposi Sarcoma, Primary Effusion Lymphoma, and Multicentric Castleman Disease
Ryan J. Sullivan, Liron Pantanowitz, Corey Casper, Justin Stebbing, and Bruce J. Dezube 

 

119  High-Dose Amphotericin B with Flucytosine for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in HIV-Infected Patients: A Randomized Trial 
Tihana Bicanic, Robin Wood, Graeme Meintjes, Kevin Rebe, Annemarie Brouwer, Angela Loyse, Linda-Gail Bekker, Shabbar Jaffar, and Thomas Harrison 

 

127  Editorial Commentary: Dosing Amphotericin B in Cryptococcal Meningitis
William G. Powderly 

 

129  Kidney Disease in Patients with HIV Infection and AIDS
Jonathan Winston, Gilbert Deray, Trevor Hawkins, Lynda Szczech, Christina Wyatt, and Benjamin Young 

 

138  A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Maraviroc in Treatment-Experienced Patients Infected with Non-R5 HIV-1
Michael Saag, James Goodrich, Gerd Fa¨tkenheuer, Bonaventura Clotet, Nathan Clumeck, John Sullivan, Mike Westby, Elna van der Ryst, and Howard Mayer, for the A4001029 Study Group 

 

149  Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: A Reappraisal
Martyn A. French 

 

156  Male Circumcision and Risk of HIV Infection among Heterosexual African American Men Attending Baltimore Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics
Lee Warner, Khalil G. Ghanem, Daniel R. Newman, Maurizio Macaluso, Patrick S. Sullivan, and Emily J. Erbelding 

 

163  Editorial Commentary: The Role of Male Circumcision in the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus and HIV Infection
Ronald H. Gray, Maria J. Wawer, David Serwadda, and Godfrey Kigozi 

 

166  HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors among HIV-Infected Persons Who Are Successfully Linked to Care
Lisa R. Metsch, Margaret Pereyra, Shari Messinger, Carlos del Rio, Steffanie A. Strathdee, Pamela Anderson-Mahoney, Ellen Rudy, Gary Marks, and Lytt Gardner, for the Antiretroviral Treatment and Access Study (ARTAS) Study Group 

 

174  Hormonal Contraception and HIV Disease Progression
Elizabeth Stringer and Erik Antonsen 

 

181  Pregnancy and Optimal Care of HIV-Infected Patients
Brenna L. Anderson and Susan Cu-Uvin 

 

Special supplement provided by:

 

i 

 

Prevention for Positive in the Clinic: A Clinician-Investigator's Perspective
Eric S. Daar

 

iii

 

Getting the Conversation Started: How to Assess Your Patients' Risk of Transmitting HIV
Mark Thrun

 

v

 

The Importance of a Complete Sexual History for HIV-Infected Adults: Reducing Risk and Improving Health
John T. Brooks

 

vii
Delivering "Real World" HIV Prevention Messages to Our Patients
David Hardy



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